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However, because the ARAS cannot be clearly discriminated from adjacent neural structures, accurate identification and estimation of the ARAS in the human brain can be problematic when using these methods. Thorough evaluation of the ARAS is important for diagnosis and management of patients with impaired consciousness, such as patients who are in a vegetative state or those with minimal consciousness (Zeman, 2001 Gosseries et al., 2011).Ĭonventional brain MRI, functional neuroimaging techniques, electrophysiological methods, and MR spectroscopy have been used in studies of the ARAS in the human brain (Parvizi and Damasio, 2003 Schiff, 2006 Tshibanda et al., 2009, 2010 Gawryluk et al., 2010). In addition, several brainstem nuclei (locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe, median raphe, pedunculopontine nucleus, parabrachial nucleus), non-specific thalamic nuclei, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain are also included in the ARAS system (Aston-Jones et al., 2001 Parvizi and Damasio, 2003 Fuller et al., 2011). These neuronal connections originate mainly in the reticular formation (RF) of the brainstem and project through synaptic relays in the intralaminar nucleus of thalamus to the cerebral cortex (Daube, 1986 Paus, 2000 Zeman, 2001 Afifi and Bergman, 2005 Gosseries et al., 2011). The ARAS is composed of several neuronal circuits connecting the brainstem to the cortex. The results of this study might be of value for the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with impaired consciousness.Ĭonsciousness is an arousal and awareness of environment and self, which is achieved through action of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) on the brain stem and cerebral cortex (Daube, 1986 Paus, 2000 Zeman, 2001 Gosseries et al., 2011). No significant differences in fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, and tract number were observed between hemispheres ( p > 0.05).Ĭonclusion: We reconstructed the lower single component of the ARAS from the RF to the thalamus in the human brain using DTI. Results: The reconstructed ARAS originated from the pontine RF, ascended through the mesencephalic tegmentum just posterior to the red nucleus, and then terminated on the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus.
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We utilized two ROIs for reconstruction of the lower single component of the ARAS: the seed ROI – the RF of the pons at the level of the trigeminal nerve entry zone, the target ROI – the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus at the level of the commissural plane.
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A 1.5-T scanner was used for scanning of diffusion tensor images, and the lower single component of the ARAS was reconstructed using FMRIB software. Methods: Twenty six normal healthy subjects were recruited for this study. In this study, we attempted to reconstruct the lower single component of the ARAS from the reticular formation (RF) to the thalamus in the normal human brain using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Introduction: Action of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) on the cerebral cortex is responsible for achievement of consciousness.